Traffic congestion in Cork is set to worsen dramatically by 2040.
A new Department of Transport analysis found even with BusConnects and cycle lanes, growth in population and the economy will outweigh improvements.
The cost of congestion in Cork was €57.5 million in 2022 and is set to rise to nearly €100 million by 2040.
The department warns any relief from major projects may only be temporary.
In Galway, congestion costs could soar to over €100 million, almost triple per person compared to Cork.
Waterford also faces a steep rise, from €5.8 million to €22.4 million.